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Calorie restriction (CR) with adequate nutrient intake is a potential geroprotective intervention. To advance this concept in humans, we tested the hypothesis that moderate CR in healthy young-to-middle-aged individuals would reduce circulating biomarkers of cellular senescence, a fundamental mechanism of aging and aging-related conditions. Using plasma specimens from the Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy (CALERIE™) phase 2 study, we found that CR significantly reduced the concentrations of several senescence biomarkers at 12 and 24 months compared to an ad libitum diet. Using machine learning, changes in biomarker concentrations emerged as important predictors of the change in HOMA-IR and insulin sensitivity index at 12 and 24 months, and the change in resting metabolic rate residual at 12 months. Finally, using adipose tissue RNA-sequencing data from a subset of participants, we observed a significant reduction in a senescence-focused gene set in response to CR at both 12 and 24 months compared to baseline. Our results advance the understanding of the effects of CR in humans and further support a link between cellular senescence and metabolic health.

Simple Summary: The surging global demand for beef products has spurred farmers to adopt practices enhancing both quantity and quality, particularly in selecting cattle breeds. This study addresses a knowledge gap in understanding how beef and dairy crossbreeding respond to varying energy nutrition, which is crucial for designing effective tropical feeding regimes. Over six months with thirty-six steers, the research examined the impact of different dietary metabolizable energy densities on two crossbred beef cattle—Holstein Friesian and Charolais. Despite fewer carcass yields, Holstein Friesian crossbreds demonstrate superior eating quality, reduced meat drip loss, elevated meat iron content, and lower Warner–Bratzler shear force due to increased intramuscular fat. Meat color remains consistent across beef and dairy crossbreeding. Higher dietary energy density positively influences nutrient intake and rumen fermentation but unaffected growth performance and carcass traits. The study highlights the potential of Holstein Friesian crossbred steers in intensive beef production, providing valuable insights for achieving quality meat outcomes under the Thai feedlot management system. This study determines the effects of varying dietary metabolizable energy densities on Holstein Friesian and Charolais crossbred beef cattle in fattening phases. The research focuses on nutrient utilization, ruminal fermentation, growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality. Thirty-six steers were used in the feeding trial that lasted for six months according to a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design (Factor A, cattle breeds (Holstein Frisian, Charolais crossbred); B, metabolizable energy density (10.5, 11.1 and 11.8 MJ/kg DM)) with six replications. The dietary energy density had no interaction with the cattle breeds (p > 0.05). Despite fewer carcass yields, Holstein Friesian crossbreds indicate superior eating quality to Charolais crossbreds on drip loss, meat iron content, and Warner–Bratzler shear force due to increased intramuscular fat content (p < 0.05) with similar meat color (p > 0.05). Increased dietary energy density positively impacts nutrient and energy intake and rumen fermentation (p < 0.05) but did not affect growth and carcass traits (p > 0.05). This research suggests the potential of Holstein Friesian crossbreds for intensive beef production, providing valuable insights into optimal feeding strategies for achieving quality meat outcomes. On-farm feeding trials are needed to develop a practical and economical Thai beef feedlot management system [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Numerous investigations have studied relationships between satiation, satiety, or food intake and single factors like food composition and resting metabolic rate. However, a comprehensive framework connecting food, physiological, and psychological factors together has not previously been reported. As an exploratory study with a trained panel consisting of nine participants, the contributions of twenty‐eight variables (seven food, seven psychological, and fourteen physiological factors) to satiation, satiety, and food intake of a mid‐morning snack were investigated. Both human factors and foods had contributions to perceived satiation and satiety, but with large differences in loadings, especially for metabolic factors. Food factors, including nutrient and energy contents, were major determinants of food intake, with only small contributions from human factors. Investigating diverse factors together provides a comprehensive approach linking appetite to both food and human factors. This study suggests the potential to guide manipulation of satiation, satiety, and food intake depending on individual psychological and physiological profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nut intake is not associated with increased body weight, which may be explained by their metabolisable energy, among other factors. Therefore, total energy intake may be overestimated among nut consumers. This study aimed to describe the metabolisable energy from nuts and nut consumption patterns in the Australian population. Methods: A nut‐specific database was expanded to include metabolisable energy of nuts (based on nut type and form) and applied to the 2011–12 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (NNPAS). Participants were Australians aged 2 years and older from the 2011–12 NNPAS (n = 12,153, with n = 4,765 nut consumers). Mean metabolisable energy intake was compared with mean energy intake using Atwater factors in nut consumers. Additionally, nut consumption patterns were explored, including the proportion of nuts consumed at meals and snacks. Results: Among nut consumers, mean metabolisable energy from nuts based only on nut type was 241.2 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 232.0, 250.5) kJ/day and mean metabolisable energy considering both nut type and form was 260.7 (95% CI: 250.2, 271.2) kJ/day. Energy intake from nuts using Atwater factors was 317.6 (95% CI: 304.8, 330.3) kJ/day. Nuts were more likely to be consumed at snack occasions, with approximately 63% of nut intake occurring as a snack. Conclusion: Application of metabolisable energy to the 2011–12 NNPAS has a significant impact on calculation of energy intake from nuts. Nut consumption patterns identified a majority of nut consumption occurring as snacks. These findings may inform strategies to support nut consumption in Australia. Key points: Energy intake from nuts is lower when using metabolisable energy values as opposed to Atwater factors.The majority of nut intake in Australia occurred during snack eating occasions.These findings highlight the significant impact that the metabolisable energy of nuts has on energy intake and the need to consider the use of metabolisable energy values rather than Atwater factors when estimating energy intake.May inform dietary strategies to encourage nut consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The consumption frequency and portion size of discretionary snacks are thought to contribute to a greater food intake and risk of overweight or obesity in the developed world but evidence from epidemiological studies is inconclusive. To investigate this, we systematically evaluated evidence on the effects of discretionary snack consumption on weight status, energy intake, and diet quality. Articles involving discretionary snacks reported against the outcome measures of any primary, peer‐reviewed study using human participants from free‐living conditions for all age groups were included. A total of 14,780 titles were identified and 40 eligible publications were identified. Three key outcomes were reported: weight status (n = 35), energy intake (n = 11), and diet quality (n = 3). Increased discretionary snack consumption may contribute modestly to energy intake, however, there is a lack of consistent associations with increased weight/BMI. Although cross‐sectional analyses offered conflicting findings, longitudinal studies in adults showed a consistent positive relationship between discretionary snack intake and increasing weight or body mass index. Given that experimental findings suggest reducing the size of discretionary snacks could lead to decreased consumption and subsequent energy intake, food policy makers and manufacturers may find it valuable to consider altering the portion and/or packaging size of discretionary snacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: It is well known that more than 40% of patients in the convalescent rehabilitation settings suffer from malnutrition, and that appropriate nutrition management can improve rehabilitation outcomes. Methods and Study Design: In this study, we used a change in motor score of Functional Independent Measure (FIM-M) of convalescent rehabilitation to investigate whether daily energy intake could influence the rehabilitation outcomes. Of the 217 patients hospitalized in our convalescent rehabilitation ward (CRW) between September 2016 and February 2017, 162 met the eligibility criteria for this study. Results: For a 25 kcal/ ideal body weight (IBW)/day cutoff point, 76 patients consumed more than 25 kcal/IBW/day of energy (H-E group), and 86 patients consumed up to 25 kcal/IBW/day of energy (L-E group). Patients in the L-E group had poorer nutritional status than those in the H-E group at CRW admission. Moreover, patients in the L-E group lost some body weight (BW) during hospitalization, whereas patients in the H-E group gained some BW. Furthermore, the FIM-M efficiency in the L-E group was significantly lower than that in the H-E group. Conclusions: We concluded that appropriate nutritional management given to rehabilitation patients for adequate energy intake to maintain or gain their BW could maximize the outcome of convalescent rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Night shift workers are at risk of making poor food choices: e.g. sleep deprivation may lead to higher food intake with innate preferred tastes, such as sweet, savoury and fatty foods. Therefore, better insight in dietary taste patterns of night shift workers may improve the understanding of their food choices. Methods: This observational study assessed dietary taste patterns of 120 female night shift working nurses and compared them to 307 women of a reference population. Dietary intake, assessed with 24-h dietary recalls, was combined with a taste intensity database, including taste profiles of 557 foods. The contribution to the daily intake of 6 taste clusters was assessed: fat, neutral, sweet/fat, sweet/sour, salt/umami/fat and bitter. Results: During night shifts, nurses consumed a significantly higher energy percentage (en%) of 'neutral' (5.9 en%), 'sweet/sour' (8.1 en%) and 'sweet/fat' (6.5 en%) tasting foods and a lower en% of 'fat' (− 17.1 en%) and 'bitter' (− 2.1 en%) tasting foods than outside the night shift. They consumed a larger en% from foods with a 'sweet/sour' (1.9 en%) taste and a lower en% from foods with a 'bitter' (− 2.1 en%) taste than the reference population, irrespective of age, BMI and smoking status. A higher en% and gram% of 'fat' tasting foods and a higher gram% 'fat/salt/umami' tasting foods were associated with lower diet quality. Conclusion: Our results only partly support our hypothesis that nurses would select foods with more innate taste preferences. In addition, fat and savoury tasting foods were negatively associated with their diet quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to assess whether adding Ca2+ to aggregate or native forms of β -lactoglobulin alters gut hormone secretion, gastric emptying rates and energy intake in healthy men and women. Fifteen healthy adults (mean ± sd: 9M/6F, age: 24 ± 5 years) completed four trials in a randomised, double-blind, crossover design. Participants consumed test drinks consisting of 30 g of β -lactoglobulin in a native form with (NATIVE + MINERALS) and without (NATIVE) a Ca2+-rich mineral supplement and in an aggregated form both with (AGGREG + MINERALS) and without the mineral supplement (AGGREG). Arterialised blood was sampled for 120 min postprandially to determine gut hormone concentrations. Gastric emptying was determined using 13C-acetate and 13C-octanoate, and energy intake was assessed with an ad libitum meal at 120 min. A protein × mineral interaction effect was observed for total glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1TOTAL) incremental AUC (iAUC; P < 0·01), whereby MINERALS + AGGREG increased GLP-1TOTAL iAUC to a greater extent than AGGREG (1882 ± 603 v. 1550 ± 456 pmol·l−1·120 min, P < 0·01), but MINERALS + NATIVE did not meaningfully alter the GLP-1 iAUC compared with NATIVE (1669 ± 547 v. 1844 ± 550 pmol·l−1·120 min, P = 0·09). A protein × minerals interaction effect was also observed for gastric emptying half-life (P < 0·01) whereby MINERALS + NATIVE increased gastric emptying half-life compared with NATIVE (83 ± 14 v. 71 ± 8 min, P < 0·01), whereas no meaningful differences were observed between MINERALS + AGGREG v. AGGREG (P = 0·70). These did not result in any meaningful changes in energy intake (protein × minerals interaction, P = 0·06). These data suggest that the potential for Ca2+ to stimulate GLP-1 secretion at moderate protein doses may depend on protein form. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04659902). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Weight loss results from a negative energy balance, when energy intake (EI) is less than energy expended, e.g., from physical activity (PA). However, PA may impact energy balance beyond energy expenditure alone, through indirect effects on eating behavior. Yet, no research has examined if engaging in PA--a central component of most weight loss programs--is associated with same-day EI among individuals with overweight/obesity pursuing weight loss. Method: Adults (N= 101) with overweight/obesity in a weight loss program were prescribed a reduced-calorie diet and PA regimen (250 min of moderate-to-vigorous PA at midtreatment). For 3 weeks at midtreatment, PA and EI were measured via an accelerometer and self-monitoring app, respectively. Multilevel models examined within-person relations between PA and EI preceding PA ("pre-PA"), acutely following PA ("acute post-PA," the 2 hr following PA), in the time following the acute post-PA period ("remaining time in day"), and across entire PA days ("full-day"), relative to non-PA matched time periods. Results: EI was higher in the pre-PA and acute post-PA periods. There were no reliable differences in EI during the remaining time in day nor across the full-day on PA days versus within-subject matched non-PA days. There alsowas insufficient evidence to suggest EI pre-PA, post-PA, or across entire PA days, relative to non-PA matched time periods, was associated with percent weight change. Conclusions: Findings suggest that engaging in PA was associated with different within-person EI patterns compared to non-PA days, though there was little evidence to support that these patterns relate to weight change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Childhood obesity has been associated with increased sodium intake. Nonetheless, evidence linking sodium intake to Body Mass Index (BMI) and Body Fat Mass Percentage (%BF) remains limited, especially in the pediatric age group. Therefore, this study aims to investigate whether there is an association between 24 h urinary sodium excretion with BMI and %BF in a sample group of children from the ARIA study. This cross-sectional analysis included 303 children aged 7 to 12 from across 20 public schools in Porto, Portugal. Weight and %BF were assessed using the Tanita™ BC-418 Segmental Body Analyzer. Children's Total Energy Intake (TEI) was estimated through a single 24 h Recall Questionnaire, and urinary sodium and potassium excretion was estimated by a 24 h urine collection. The association of %BF and BMI with 24 h sodium excretion was estimated by a binary logistic regression adjusted for sex, age, physical activity, total energy intake, parental education, and 24 h urinary excreted potassium. There was a significant positive association between higher levels of urinary sodium excretion and higher %BF values, even after adjusting for confounders. However, the same was not observed for BMI. Our findings suggest that higher sodium intake is associated with higher values of %BF among children, regardless of TEI and potassium intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Atypical Anorexia Nervosa (AAN) is a Feeding and Eating Disorder characterized by fear of gaining weight and body image disturbance, in the absence of significantly low body weight. AAN may present specific clinical and psychopathological features. Nonetheless, the literature lacks data concerning the nutritional characteristics and body composition of children and adolescents with AAN and their variation over time. Methods: Case series, including 17 children and adolescents with AAN. All the patients were assessed at the first evaluation (T0) with a standardized dietary assessment (24 h Dietary Recall, 24 hDR). Nutritional data were compared with European dietary reference values (DRVs). Body composition parameters (weight, fat mass, fat-free mass) and their changes over time at two (T1) and six (T2) months were collected as well, using a Bioelectrical impedance analysis (Wunder WBA300 with four poles and foot contact; impedance frequency 50 kHz 500 μA; impedance measurement range 200~1000 Ω/0.1 Ω). Results: The included individuals presented eating behaviors oriented towards significantly low daily energy intake (p < 0.001) compared with DRVs set by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (with low carbohydrates and fats), and increased proteins (p < 0.001). A longer latency before observation (illness duration before observation) correlated with a negative change in weight. Body composition parameters were described, with no significant changes across the six-month outpatient assessment. Discussion: This is the first research to systematically assess the body composition and nutritional features of a group of individuals with AAN in the developmental age. Further research should assess the effect of targeted treatment interventions on body composition and nutritional features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Adolescents often experience an imbalance between intake and energy expenditure, resulting in the problem of excess nutrition. Unbalanced energy intake and expenditure and lack of nutritional knowledge are the main factors causing over nutrition. The results of research on National Ministry data showed that the nutritional status of adolescents aged 12-18 years who were over-nourished was 19.1% and obesity was 31%. However, the nutritional status of over-nutrition at the provincial level in Banten was 20.9% and obesity was 30%. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between energy intake, macronutrients, calorie drinks and nutritional knowledge on the nutritional status of adolescents aged 15-18 years in Sukabakti Sub district, Tangerang Regency. Methods: Sample was taken by using Proportional Random Sampling technique as many as 97 samples. The variables studied were energy intake, macronutrients, calorie drinks and nutritional knowledge on adolescent nutritional status. This type of research used quantitative research with Chi-Square analysis test. Results: In this study, there was no significant (P > 0.05) between energy intake (P = 0.827), protein intake (P = 468), fat intake (P = 0.849), carbohydrate intake (P = 0.449), calorie drinks (P = 0.227), and no relationship between nutritional knowledge and nutritional status (P = 0.231). Conclusion: Since adolescent nutritional status is influenced by several factors. not only intake and knowledge, but also influenced by physical activity, infectious diseases, attitudes, parents, environment and many more. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low energy availability (LEA) has been associated with several physiological consequences, but its impact on sleep has not been sufficiently investigated, especially in the context of young athletes. This study examined the potential association between energy availability (EA) status and objective sleep quality in 42 male rugby players (mean age: 16.2 ± 0.8 years) during a 7-day follow-up with fixed sleep schedules in the midst of an intensive training phase. Participants' energy intake was weighed and recorded. Exercise expenditure was estimated using accelerometry. Portable polysomnography devices captured sleep on the last night of the follow-up. Mean EA was 29.3 ± 9.14 kcal·kg FFM−1·day−1, with 47.6% of athletes presenting LEA, 35.7% Reduced Energy Availability (REA), and 16.7% Optimal Energy Availability (OEA). Lower sleep efficiency (SE) and N3 stage proportion, along with higher wake after sleep onset (WASO), were found in participants with LEA compared to those with OEA (p = 0.04, p = 0.03 and p = 0.005, respectively, with large effect sizes). Segmented regression models of the EA-sleep outcomes (SE, sleep onset latency [SOL]), WASO and N3) relationships displayed two separate linear regions and produced a best fit with a breakpoint between 21–33 kcal·kg FFM−1·day−1. Below these thresholds, sleep quality declines considerably. It is imperative for athletic administrators, nutritionists, and coaches to conscientiously consider the potential impact of LEA on young athletes' sleep, especially during periods of heavy training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Exercise can decrease central adiposity, but the effect of exercise dose and the relationship between central adiposity and exercise-induced compensation is unclear. Objective: Test the effect of exercise dose on central adiposity change and the association between central adiposity and exercise-induced weight compensation. Methods: In this ancillary analysis of a 6-month randomized controlled trial, 170 participants with overweight or obesity (mean ± SD body mass index: 31.5 ± 4.7 kg/m²) were randomized to a control group or exercise groups that reflected exercise recommendations for health (8 kcal/kg/week [KKW]) or weight loss and weight maintenance (20 KKW). Waist circumference was measured, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry assessed central adiposity. Predicted weight change was estimated and weight compensation (weight change – predicted weight change) was calculated. Results: Between-group change in waist circumference (control: .0 cm [95% CI, −1.0 to 1.0], 8 KKW: −.7 cm [95% CI, −1.7 to .4], 20 KKW: −1.3 cm [95% CI, −2.4 to −.2]) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT; control: −.02 kg [95% CI, −.07 to .04], 8 KKW: −.01 kg [95% CI, −.07 to .04], 20 KKW: −.04 kg [95% CI, −.10 to .02]) was similar (P ≥ .23). Most exercisers (82.6%) compensated (weight loss less than expected). Exercisers who compensated exhibited a 2.5-cm (95% CI, .8 to 4.2) and .23-kg (95% CI, .14 to .31) increase in waist circumference and VAT, respectively, vs those who did not (P < .01). Desire to eat predicted VAT change during exercise (β = .21; P = .03). Conclusion: In the presence of significant weight compensation, exercise at doses recommended for health and weight loss and weight maintenance leads to negligible changes in central adiposity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technology-enabled approaches to conducting 24-h dietary recalls (24HR) may reduce dietary assessment bottlenecks in low-resource settings. However, few studies have assessed their performance relative to conventional pen-and-paper interview (PAPI) approaches and none have validated performance against a benchmark (e.g. weighed food record (WFR)) in a low- and middle-income country (LMIC). This study assessed relative accuracy and cost-effectiveness of INDDEX24, a technology-enabled approach to conducting 24HR, compared with a PAPI approach and against an observer WFR. Women aged 18-49 years from northern Viet Nam (n 234) were randomly assigned to be interviewed using INDDEX24 or PAPI 24HR following a WFR. The two one-sided t test approach assessed the equivalence of each recall modality to the benchmark. Difference-in-differences analysis compared the recall-benchmark results across modalities. Cost per percentage point of accuracy for INDDEX24 and PAPI was derived from accuracy results and the cost to conduct the 24HR. The PAPI and INDDEX24 24HR were statistically equivalent to the WFR for all nutrients except vitamin A. INDDEX24 diverged significantly less than PAPI from the WFR for Fe (0·9 v. -1·3 mg) and PAPI diverged less for protein (-3·7 v. 7·9 g). At the individual level, 26 % of PAPI and 32 % of INDDEX24 respondents had energy intakes within +/- 10 % of the WFR. INDDEX24 cost $111 004 and the PAPI cost $120 483 (USD 2019), making INDDEX24 more cost-effective across most indicators. INDDEX24 was an accurate and cost-effective method for assessing dietary intake in the study context and represents a preferred alternative to PAPI 24HR in Viet Nam and other LMIC.

The prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes is growing at an alarming rate, including among pregnant women. Low-calorie sweeteners (LCSs) have increasingly been used as an alternative to sugar to deliver a sweet taste without the excessive caloric load. However, there is little evidence regarding their biological effects, particularly during development. Here, we used a mouse model of maternal LCS consumption to explore the impact of perinatal LCS exposure on the development of neural systems involved in metabolic regulation. We report that adult male, but not female, offspring from both aspartame- and rebaudioside A-exposed dams displayed increased adiposity and developed glucose intolerance. Moreover, maternal LCS consumption reorganized hypothalamic melanocortin circuits and disrupted parasympathetic innervation of pancreatic islets in male offspring. We then identified phenylacetylglycine (PAG) as a unique metabolite that was upregulated in the milk of LCS-fed dams and the serum of their pups. Furthermore, maternal PAG treatment recapitulated some of the key metabolic and neurodevelopmental abnormalities associated with maternal LCS consumption. Together, our data indicate that maternal LCS consumption has enduring consequences on the offspring's metabolism and neural development and that these effects are likely to be mediated through the gut microbial co-metabolite PAG.

BACKGROUND: There has been little investigation into how the timing of meals and eating occasions associates with postmenopausal breast cancer risk. OBJECTIVE: We examined the association between the frequency of consuming breakfast meals and after-dinner snacks with the risk for postmenopausal breast cancer. METHODS: A prospective analysis of 74,825 postmenopausal women aged 49 to 81 y from the Womens Health Initiative Observational Study cohort. Breakfast and after-dinner snack intake were assessed at year 1 examination. Risk for invasive and in situ breast cancer diagnosed before 28 February 2020 was modeled with multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models according to breakfast and after-dinner snack consumption frequencies. The models were adjusted for age, self-identified race/ethnicity, education, income, physical activity, smoking, alcohol intake, diet quality score (Healthy Eating Index 2015), energy intake, diabetic status, hormone therapy, and BMI. RESULTS: During the follow-up period, 5313 participants were diagnosed with invasive breast cancer and 1197 participants with in situ breast cancer. Compared with participants who did not eat breakfast, those with daily breakfast consumption was not associated with invasive breast cancer (HR: 1.04; 95% CI: 0.9, 1.19) nor in situ (HR: 1.25; 95% CI: 0.91, 1.74) breast cancer. There were monotonic higher point estimates of in situ breast cancer for each higher category of breakfast intake from 0 to 7 times per week (P-trend = 0.04, Wald test). Compared with consumption of daily after-dinner snacks, avoidance of after-dinner snacks was not associated with invasive breast cancer (HR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.87, 1.08) nor in situ (HR: 1.12; 95% CI: 0.89, 1.42) breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS: There was no association between intake frequency of breakfast meals or after-dinner snack habits and with risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women.

ObjectiveThis study estimated the effect of hypothetical interventions of higher and lower frequency of breakfast and post-dinner snack consumption (breakfast consumption 0-4 vs. 5-7 times/week and post-dinner snack consumption 0-2 vs. 3-7 times/week) on changes in body weight and composition over 18 months after a successful 6-month standard behavioral weight-loss program.MethodsThe study analyzed data from the Innovative Approaches to Diet, Exercise and Activity (IDEA) study.ResultsIf all participants consumed a breakfast meal 5 to 7 times/week over 18 months, they would have regained 2.95 kg of body weight on average (95% CI: 2.01 to 3.96), which is 0.59 kg (95% CI: -0.86 to -0.32) lower than if all participants consumed breakfast 0 to 4 times/week. If all participants consumed a post-dinner snack 0 to 2 times/week, they would have regained 2.86 kg of body weight on average (95% CI: 0.99 to 5.25), which is 0.83 kg (95% CI: -1.06 to -0.59) lower than if all consumed a post-dinner snack 3 to 7 times/week.ConclusionsRegular breakfast consumption and minimizing post-dinner snacking may modestly mitigate weight and body fat regain over 18 months after initial weight loss.

Summary: Background & Aims: Nutrition therapy is a critical component of care for critically ill patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). Caloric intake can be provided by artificial nutrition and also by some treatments providing non-nutritional calories (NNCs). The aim of this study was to assess the contribution of NNCs from propofol and dextrose infusions to daily caloric intake. Methods: A retrospective observational study was carried out in three ICUs of a university hospital. Mechanically ventilated patients admitted to ICU for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) were included. Daily caloric intake, including NNCs from propofol and dextrose infusions, and calories from artificial nutrition was assessed over the initial seven days of ICU admission. Results: A total of 157 patients were included in the analysis. During the early phase of ICU admission, NNCs constituted all the proportion of caloric intake (Day 1: 100% [100–100], Day 2: 100% [100–100], Day 3: 100% [63–100]). This dominance gradually decreased with the introduction of artificial nutrition after a median of 4 days [3–5]. Propofol contributed significantly to NNCs, constituting a median of 26.6% [15.5–54.0] of total daily caloric intake and 66.2% [53.0–76.4] of daily NNCs intake in patients receiving propofol. By Day 7, only 47.3% of patients had reached their caloric target, while 45.8% remained below target and 6.9% were above target. The instances of overnutrition were minimal and were often associated with NNCs, particularly propofol. Mortality at Day 28 in patients who received propofol during the first 7 days was 32/117 (27%) versus 23/40 (57%) in those who did not (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Our study emphasizes the significant role of NNCs in the early nutritional intake of ICU patients suffering from ARDS due to COVID-19. These findings highlight the need for careful nutritional management in these patients, with particular consideration given to NNCs. Future research should investigate strategies to optimize nutritional support in this specific population.

Study aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of milk consumption with different temperatures after resistance training on appetite and energy intake (EI) in active girls.

Abstract Background Physical activity or biomarker-calibrated energy intake (EI) alone is associated with mortality in older adults; the interaction relationship between the combined use of both factors and mortality has not been examined. We evaluated the relationship between mortality and calibrated EI and step counts in older adults. Methods This prospective study included 4,159 adults aged ≥65 years who participated in the Kyoto-Kameoka study in Japan and wore a triaxial accelerometer between 1 April and 15 November 2013. The calibrated EI was calculated based on a previously developed equation using EI biomarkers. The step count was obtained from the accelerometer ≥ 4 days. Participants were classified into the following four groups: low EI (LEI)/low step counts (LSC) group (EI:

Low-calorie sweetener (LCS) consumption in children has increased dramatically due to its widespread presence in the food environment and efforts to mitigate obesity through sugar replacement. However, mechanistic studies on the long-term impact of early-life LCS consumption on cognitive function and physiological processes are lacking. Here, we developed a rodent model to evaluate the effects of daily LCS consumption (acesulfame potassium, saccharin, or stevia) during adolescence on adult metabolic, behavioral, gut microbiome, and brain transcriptomic outcomes. Results reveal that habitual early-life LCS consumption impacts normal postoral glucose handling and impairs hippocampal-dependent memory in the absence of weight gain. Furthermore, adolescent LCS consumption yielded long-term reductions in lingual sweet taste receptor expression and brought about alterations in sugar-motivated appetitive and consummatory responses. While early-life LCS consumption did not produce robust changes in the gut microbiome, brain region-specific RNA-Seq analyses reveal LCS-induced changes in collagen- and synaptic signaling-related gene pathways in the hippocampus and nucleus accumbens, respectively, in a sex-dependent manner. Collectively, these results reveal that habitual early-life LCS consumption has long-lasting implications for glucoregulation, sugar-motivated behavior, and hippocampal-dependent memory in rats, which may be based in part on changes in nutrient transporter, sweet taste receptor, and central gene pathway expression.

BackgroundAdequate energy and nutrient intakes in athletes contribute to optimal performance and recovery, decrease the risk of injury, and help preserve athletes’ health. The Mediterranean diet (MD) is considered suitable for covering the nutritional needs of athletes, while contributing to improve eating habits. The aim of the present study was to investigate the energy and nutrient intakes of semi-professional female soccer players and their adherence to the MD, during the competitive season.MethodsA cross-sectional observational study was conducted on twenty-three female soccer players, who were invited to fill in a 3-day food diary twice, one month apart, to assess their energy and nutrient intakes and a validated questionnaire (MEDI-LITE) to evaluate their adherence to MD. Exercise energy expenditure during three training and match-play days was monitored by GPS.ResultsOn average, the participants consumed 1,981 kcal/day, with 44% of their energy deriving from carbohydrates, 21% from protein, and 34% from fat; the mean MD adherence score was 10.1 ± 1.8, corresponding to a good MD adherence. A substantial percentage of athletes were at risk of insufficient nutrient intakes for vitamin D (100%), iodine (87%), potassium (87%), vitamin E (39%), iron and zinc (17 and 30%, respectively).ConclusionThe evaluation of the dietary intake in female soccer players showed energy deficiency in relation to training level, mainly due to the insufficient intake of carbohydrates, and micronutrient deficiencies. The technical staff should promote adequate consumption of starchy foods in female athletes and emphasize the importance of a proper distribution of energy intake among different eating occasions, including snacks. Periodic monitoring of the nutritional status of micronutrients (vitamin D and some minerals) could help reduce deficiency risk. Over all, nutrition education to improve eating habits of athletes seems worthy of attention, in order to preserve athletes’ health and performance.

IntroductionEnergy imbalance gap (EIG) is defined as the average daily difference between energy intake (EI) and energy expenditure (EE). This study aimed to examine the associations between EIG and sociodemographic and anthropometric variables in the adolescent population of eight Latin America countries.MethodsA total of 680 adolescents aged 15 to 18 were included in this study. The estimation of EI was based on two non-consecutive 24-h dietary recalls. EE was predicted from Schofield equations using physical activity level obtained through the long version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Sociodemographic data and anthropometric measurements were also obtained. A descriptive analysis and multilevel linear regression models were used to examine associations between variables.ResultsThe mean EI, EE, and EIG were 2091.3 kcal, 2067.8 kcal, and 23.5 kcal, respectively. Argentina had the highest EI and EIG, whereas Chile had the lowest EI and EIG. Males had a higher EI (2262.4 kcal) and EE (2172.2 kcal) than females (1930.1 kcal and 2084.5 kcal), respectively (p

Background: Many people living with and beyond cancer (LWBC) do not meet dietary recommendations. To implement a healthier diet, people LWBC must perceive a need to improve their diet. Methods: Participants included people diagnosed with breast, prostate or colorectal cancer in the UK. Two binary logistic regression models were conducted with perceived need for dietary change as the outcome (need to improve vs. no need). Predictor variables included demographic and clinical characteristics, receipt of dietary advice, and either body mass index (BMI) or adherence to seven relevant World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) dietary recommendations. Results: The sample included 5835 responses. Only 31% perceived a need to improve their diet. Being younger (odds ratio [OR] 0.95, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 94–0.95), female (OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.15–1.53), not of white ethnicity (OR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.48–2.27), not married/cohabiting (OR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.16–1.52) and having received dietary advice (OR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.43–1.86) was associated with an increased odds of perceiving a need to improve diet. This association was also seen for participants with two or more comorbidities (OR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.09–1.57), those not meeting the recommendations for fruit and vegetables (OR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.41–0.55), fat (OR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.58–0.77), and sugar (OR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.75–0.98) in the dietary components model and those who had a higher BMI (OR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.32–1.77) in the BMI model. Conclusions: Most of this sample of people LWBC did not perceive a need to improve their diet. More research is needed to understand the reasons for this and to target these reasons in dietary interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies of extreme endurance have suggested that there is an alimentary limit to energy intake (EI) of ∼2.5 × resting metabolic rate (RMR). To gain further insight, this study aimed to simultaneously measure EI, total energy expenditure (TEE) body mass and muscle mass in a large cohort of males and females of varying ages during a transatlantic rowing race. Forty‐nine competitors (m = 32, f = 17; age 24–67 years; time at sea 46 ± 7 days) in the 2020 and 2021 Talisker Whisky Atlantic Challenge rowed 12–18 hday−1 for ∼3000 miles. TEE was assessed in the final week of the row using 2H218O doubly labelled water, and EI was analysed from daily ration packs over this period. Thickness of relatively active (vastus lateralis, intermedius, biceps brachaii and rectus abdominus) and inactive (gastrocnemius, soleus and triceps) muscles was measured pre (<7 days) and post (<24 h) row using ultrasound. Body mass was measured and used to calculate RMR from standard equations. There were no sex differences in males and females in EI (2.5 ± 0.5 and 2.3 ± 0.4 × RMR, respectively, P = 0.3050), TEE (2.5 ± 1.0 and 2.3 ± 0.4 × RMR, respectively, P = 0.5170), or body mass loss (10.2 ± 3.1% and 10.0 ± 3.0%, respectively, P = 0.8520), and no effect of age on EI (P = 0.5450) or TEE (P = 0.9344). Muscle loss occurred exclusively in the calf (15.7% ± 11.4% P < 0.0001), whilst other muscles remained unchanged. After 46 days of prolonged ultra‐endurance ocean rowing incurring 10% body mass loss, maximal sustainable EI of ∼2.5 × RMR was unable to meet total TEE suggesting that there is indeed a physiological capacity to EI. What is the central question of this study?During a prolonged endurance transatlantic ocean rowing race over ∼46 days, what changes occur in energy intake (EI), total energy expenditure (TEE) and body mass and are there differences between males and females or an effect of age?What is the main finding and its importance?During a ∼46 days, there appeared to be a maximal sustainable EI of ∼2.5 × resting metabolic rate (RMR), matching TEE of 2.5 × RMR, incurring a 10% body mass loss There were no sex differences, and minimal influence of age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Unfavorable changes in eating patterns over time may contribute to upward trends in chronic diseases, such as obesity. We examined 20-year trends in the percentage of energy from main meals and snacks and the food sources of each eating occasion among Korean adults. Methods: This study used nationally representative data from the 1st, 4th, and 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (1998, 2007–2009, and 2016–2018) among adults aged 20–69 years (n = 29,389). Each eating occasion (breakfast, lunch, dinner, and snacks) was defined by respondents during a 24-h dietary recall interview. To identify the food sources of each eating occasion, we used the NOVA system. The percentage of energy at each eating occasion and that from each NOVA group across survey cycles were estimated, and tests for linear trends were conducted using orthogonal polynomial contrasts in linear regression models. All analyses accounted for the complex survey design. Results: After adjusting for age and sex, the percentage of energy from breakfast decreased from 25.0% in 1998 to 16.7% in 2018 (difference, − 8.2%; standard error [SE], 0.3), whereas that from dinner and snacks increased from 31.1 to 33.8% (difference, + 2.7%; SE, 0.4) and from 14.0 to 19.0% (difference, + 5.0%; SE, 0.5), respectively (all P < 0.001). At all eating occasions, the percentage of energy from minimally processed foods declined (difference, − 18.6% for breakfast; − 13.1% for lunch; − 21.1% for dinner; − 20.7% for snacks), while that from ultra-processed foods increased (difference, + 17.0% for breakfast; + 11.3% for lunch; + 18.0% for dinner; + 30.7% for snacks). When stratified by age, the given trends were shown to a greater extent in younger adults (< 50 years old) than in older adults (≥ 50 years old). Conclusions: The eating patterns of Korean adults changed from 1998 to 2018, with the greatest decrease in energy intake from breakfast and the greatest increase from snacking. At all eating occasions, the contribution of minimally processed foods declined, while that of ultra-processed foods increased, especially among younger adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individuals experiencing obesity or overweight conditions frequently encounter difficulties in managing their appetite. The sustained practice of resistance training over an extended duration presents a potential avenue for regulating appetite among this demographic. Despite the extensive examination of long-term resistance training in existing literature, a consensus on pertinent issues remains elusive, necessitating a comprehensive review. This paper aims to evaluate empirical studies examining alterations in energy intake and appetite among obese or overweight individuals engaging in prolonged resistance training regimens. Information was gathered from databases including EBSCOhost, Science Direct, PubMed, and Web of Science. Search queries were executed on Google Scholar and other sources, utilizing key terms pertinent to energy intake (or appetite), resistance training, and overweight (or obesity) for identifying relevant studies. A comprehensive evaluation of 38 full-text articles was conducted, resulting in the inclusion of eight articles in the review. The PEDro scale was utilized to assess bias and completeness risk, with no exclusion of any articles during this process. The impact of resistance training on energy intake in overweight or obese individuals was observed through sessions lasting 35-45 minutes conducted twice a week over a nine-month period. The exercise significantly influenced parameters such as energy intake, glucose levels, leptin concentrations, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), Neuropeptide Y (NPY), and adiponectin. However, no significant effects were noted on perceived fullness and hunger, ghrelin PP, or PYY. Resistance training has the potential to impact energy intake and appetite regulation in overweight or obese individuals. Further research is warranted, particularly in exploring its effects on female and adolescent populations, implementing a sample size calculation strategy, conducting comparisons across three intensities, and undertaking a comprehensive analysis of relevant variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to explore the link between sleep-related parameters and dietary practices. This cross-sectional exploratory study includes sedentary individuals between 20 and 59 years of age. We applied exigent inclusion and exclusion criteria, such as weight stability and without humor- or sleep-related diseases. Also, shift workers were not included. We evaluated sleep quality (by Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index; PSQI), sleepiness (by Epworth Sleepiness Scale), chronotype (by Morningness Eveningness Questionnaire; MEQ), and social jetlag from sleep dairy. Moreover, Food Practices Measurement Scale was used to assess dietary practices. Food intake estimates (i. e., energy, eating window, and late-night dinner eating) were derived from two 24-h food recalls (R24h). For analysis, dietary practices and energy intake from R24h were considered dependent variables, while PSQI, ESS, MEQ, STJ, EW, and LNDE were considered independent variables. Our sample comprises 42 adults (21 women and 21 men; 35.4 (12.5) y; 25.6 (5.21) kg/m2 BMI; 26.5 (7.97) % body fat). We verified that persons with poor sleep quality showed lower dietary practice scores (MD − 6.68; p = 0.021). Besides, in regression analysis, chronotype (β = 0.266; p = 0.039) was positively associated with dietary practices, and eating window was positively associated with energy intake (β = 267 kcal; p = 0.023). In contrast to our hypothesis, other sleep- and circadian-related variables were not associated with dietary practices or energy intake. In summary, we conclude that morning chronotype appears to be related to better dietary practices from the Food Guide for the Brazilian Population guide and that higher eating window was positively associated with energy intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Physical activity or biomarker-calibrated energy intake (EI) alone is associated with mortality in older adults; the interaction relationship between the combined use of both factors and mortality has not been examined. We evaluated the relationship between mortality and calibrated EI and step counts in older adults. Methods: This prospective study included 4,159 adults aged ≥65 years who participated in the Kyoto-Kameoka study in Japan and wore a triaxial accelerometer between 1 April and 15 November 2013. The calibrated EI was calculated based on a previously developed equation using EI biomarkers. The step count was obtained from the accelerometer ≥ 4 days. Participants were classified into the following four groups: low EI (LEI)/low step counts (LSC) group (EI: <2,400 kcal/day in men and <1,900 kcal/day in women; steps: <5,000 /day), n = 1,352; high EI (HEI)/LSC group (EI: ≥2,400 kcal/day in men and ≥1,900 kcal/day in women; steps: <5,000 /day), n = 1,586; LEI/high step counts (HSC) group (EI: <2,400 kcal/day in men and < 1,900 kcal/day in women; steps: ≥5,000 /day), n = 471; and HEI/HSC group (EI: ≥2,400 kcal/day in men and ≥1,900 kcal/day in women; steps: ≥5,000 /day), n = 750. Mortality-related data were collected until 30 November 2016. We performed a multivariable Cox proportional hazard analysis. Results: The median follow-up period was 3.38 years (14,046 person-years), and 111 mortalities were recorded. After adjusting for confounders, the HEI/HSC group had the lowest all-cause mortality rate compared to other groups (LEI/LSC: reference; HEI/LSC: hazard ratio [HR]: 0.71, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.41–1.23; LEI/HSC: HR: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.29–1.19; and HEI/HSC: HR: 0.10, 95% CI: 0.01–0.76). No significant interaction was observed between the calibrated EI and steps with mortality. The spline model showed that 35–42 kcal/100 steps/day of EI/100 steps was associated with the lowest mortality risk. Conclusions: HR mortality risk was lowest at 35–42 kcal/100 steps/day, suggesting that very high (≥56 kcal) or low (<28 kcal) EI/100 steps are not inversely associated with mortality. Adherence to optimal EI and adequate physical activity may provide sufficient energy balance to explain the inverse association with mortality among older Japanese adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective nutrition policies require timely, accurate individual dietary consumption data; collection of such information has been hampered by cost and complexity of dietary surveys and lag in producing results. The objective of this work was to assess accuracy and cost-effectiveness of a streamlined, tablet-based dietary data collection platform for 24-hour individual dietary recalls (24HR) administered using INDDEX24 platform v. a pen-and-paper interview(PAPI) questionnaire, with weighed food record (WFR) as a benchmark. This cross-sectional comparative study included women 18-49 years old from rural Burkina Faso (n 116 INDDEX24; n 115 PAPI). A WFR was conducted; the following day, a 24HR was administered by different interviewers. Food consumption data were converted into nutrient intakes. Validity of 24HR estimates of nutrient and food group consumption was based on comparison with WFR using equivalence tests (group level) and percentages of participants within ranges of percentage error (individual level). Both modalities performed comparably estimating consumption of macro- and micronutrients, food groups and quantities (modalities' divergence from WFR not significantly different). Accuracy of both modalities was acceptable (equivalence to WFR significant at P < 0·05) at group level for macronutrients, less so for micronutrients and individual-level consumption (percentage within ±20 % for WFR, 17-45 % for macronutrients, 5-17 % for micronutrients). INDDEX24 was more cost-effective than PAPI based on superior accuracy of a composite nutrient intake measure (but not gram amount or item count) due to lower time and personnel costs. INDDEX24 for 24HR dietary surveys linked to dietary reference data shows comparable accuracy to PAPI at lower cost.

BackgroundThe National Cancer Institute (NCI) method has been used widely by researchers to make inferences about usual dietary intake distributions of foods and nutrients based on a limited number of 24-hour dietary recalls (24HRs). Although the NCI method does not provide individual estimates of usual intake, it can be used to address many research questions, including modeling effects of nutrition interventions on population distributions of usual intake. Software for implementing the NCI method and corresponding code examples is publicly available in the form of SAS macros, but little formal guidance exists for conducting advanced analyses.ObjectivesWe aim to present advanced techniques for working with NCI macros to conduct both basic and advanced dietary analyses and modeling.MethodWe first present the three basic building blocks of analyses using the NCI method: 1) dataset preparation; 2) application of the MIXTRAN macro to estimate parameters of the usual intake distribution, including effects of covariates, after transformation of 24HRs to approximate normality; and 3) application of the DISTRIB macro to estimate the distribution of usual nutrient intake. Then, we illustrate how researchers can employ these building blocks to answer questions beyond typical descriptive analyses.ResultsResearchers can adapt the building blocks to 1) account for factors such as demographic changes or nutrition interventions such as food fortification, 2) estimate the prevalence of dietary inadequacy via the full probability method, 3) incorporate nutrient intake from sources not always captured by 24HRs, such as dietary supplements and human milk, and 4) carry out multiple subgroup analyses. This paper describes the theoretical basis and operational guidance for these techniques.ConclusionWith this paper as a detailed resource, researchers can leverage the basic NCI building blocks to investigate a wide range of questions about usual dietary intake distribution.

Ensuring proper energy, nutrient intake, and sleep is vital for athlete health and competitiveness. Despite previous studies investigating the nutrient intake among top-level collegiate female athletes in Japan, the status of snack consumption remains unclear. This study addressed this gap by surveying 70 top-level female university athletes. The survey included a self-administered diet history questionnaire, a qualitative food intake frequency survey, and a survey on snack and dietary supplement use. The results revealed a low frequency of snack intake (2.1 ± 2.3 days/week), with 55.7% of athletes reporting snack consumption. The energy intake in the snack-intake group was significantly higher than that in the without-snack-intake group (31.5 ± 10.0 vs. 26.6 ± 9.92 kcal/kg of BM, p = 0.047). Similarly, carbohydrate intake was significantly higher in the snack-intake group than in the without-snack-intake group (4.84 ± 1.71 vs. 3.96 ± 1.65 g/kg of BM/day, p = 0.035). However, neither group reached the recommended value of 5–8 g/kg of BM/day during the medium training period. Overall, this study emphasizes inadequate energy intake even among athletes with a high snack intake frequency, highlighting the necessity to enhance overall food consumption and underscoring the importance of nutritional education for incorporating appropriate complementary meals to improve performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Home Economics of Japan is the property of Japan Society of Home Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of the present study was to simultaneously audit hormonal contraceptive (HC) use, menstrual cycle characteristics and training/nutrition related profiles in pre-menopausal women from varying athletic and exercise backgrounds. Elite (n = 51), sub-elite (n = 118) and amateur (n = 392) female athletes and exercisers were examined via an anonymous quantitative/qualitative survey tool. All analyses for ratio data were conducted utilising one- and two-way ANOVA/ANCOVA and odds ratio models, with ordinal data analysed via Pearson's Chi-squared tests. HC use was similar across elite, sub-elite and amateurs (34–44%). Menstrual cycle length was not different (P = 0.08) between competitive levels (28 ± 13 days), but 66% of respondents reported cycle variability (10 ± 11 days). Training profiles were not different based on contraceptive status (P > 0.05) yet were across competitive groups (P < 0.05). Daily meal/snack intakes were not different between contraceptive status (P > 0.05), though elite and sub-elite groups reported a higher daily meal consumption compared to amateurs (P < 0.01). Forty percent of all respondents skipped meals, attributed to lack of time, schedule and alterations in appetite, with reported changes in taste preferences during pre-menses (14–35%) and menses (15–25%) towards sweet foods (60%), with cravings for chocolate and other confectionary (25%). Prevalence of dietary supplement use was not influenced by contraceptive status (P = 0.31), though elites (76%) reported higher use (P = 0.04) than amateurs (63%). Data demonstrates that in female athletes and exercisers, competitive level appears to affect simple markers of training and nutrition practice, yet contraceptive status does not. Graphical abstract This is a visual representation of the abstract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gyermekgyogyaszat is the property of Semmelweis Kiado and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

People with severe mental disorders often require special care. Other than institutionalized care, some organizations provide housing options and special care in the form of organized living. Few studies provide a detailed description of nutrient intake in this type of care. The aim of this prospective study was to assess nutritional status and adherence to dietary recommendations in both people with mental disorders (beneficiaries) and their caregivers. Across three levels of care, 46 beneficiaries and 19 caregivers participated in the study. The mean intakes of energy (kcal/day) and macro- and micronutrients (g/day) were estimated from a 3-day dietary record and compared with dietary reference values (DRVs) set by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The majority of participants did not meet energy intake recommendations (kcal/day). The contribution of total fat to energy intake (% E) was higher than recommended in both beneficiaries and caregivers with 42.1 ± 4.4% and 38.5 ± 6.5%, respectively. A total of 45.2% of beneficiaries and 61.1% of caregivers had their carbohydrate intake within the recommended range. Fiber intake was well below the recommendations (25 g/day) in all groups. Across all levels of care, lower micronutrient intake for pantothenic acid, biotin, folate, potassium, magnesium, copper, selenium, and iodine was observed. Based on the current results, the development and implementation of nutritional guidelines may be targeted to specific populations and nutrient intakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's population is showing the characteristics of "fewer children" and "aging", which will have a long-term and far-reaching impact on the food and nutritional needs of China and the world. In this paper, adult equivalent scale (AES) variables representing the household population structure were introduced into the energy intake model to quantify the impact of population structure changes on energy intake and reveal the characteristics of energy intake changes in the life cycle of Chinese residents. It is found that the change in the population structure has a significant impact on the energy intake of urban households in China, and the elasticity is 0.446. The energy intake of Chinese elderly over the age of 60 shows a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, especially after the age of 65, which indicates that the aging will promote a decline in food consumption in China. The energy intake of 1–10-year-old children, 22–30 year old, and 40–45 year old women all showed a change of first a decrease and then an increase, which may be related to parents' care for young children and women with children's management of body size. The average household size expressed by the adult equivalent scales of energy consumption is 2.341, which is smaller than the 3.052 calculated by the population number. The conclusion indicates that the prediction of the food and nutritional demand should be adjusted according to the changes and differences in accordance with the intensification of "fewer children" and "aging", as well as the life cycle changes in residents' energy intake, which is conducive to the formulation of food and nutrition security policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing the effectiveness of exercise for long-term body weight management and overall health benefits may be aided through complementary dietary strategies that help to control acute postexercise energy compensation. Inulin-type fructans (ITFs) have been shown to induce satiety through the modified secretion of appetite-regulating hormones. This study investigated the acute impact of oligofructose-enriched inulin (OI) consumption after exercise on objective and subjective measures of satiety and compensatory energy intake (EI). In a randomized crossover study, following the completion of a 45 min (65–70% VO2peak) evening exercise session, participants (BMI: 26.9 ± 3.5 kg/m2, Age: 26.8 ± 6.7 yrs) received one of two beverages: (1) sweetened milk (SM) or (2) sweetened milk + 20 g OI (SM+OI). Perceived measures of hunger were reduced in SM+OI relative to SM (p = 0.009). Within SM+OI, but not SM, plasma concentrations of GLP-1 and PYY were increased and acyl-ghrelin reduced from pre-exercise to postexercise. EI during the ad libitum breakfast in the morning postexercise tended to be lower in SM+OI (p = 0.087, d = 0.31). Gastrointestinal impacts of OI were apparent with increased ratings of flatulence (p = 0.026, d = 0.57) in participants the morning after the exercise session. Overall, the ingestion of a single dose of OI after an exercise session appears to induce subtle reductions in appetite, although the impact of these changes on acute and prolonged EI remains unclear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Overnutrition among Indonesian teenagers is a nutritional problem that has increased in recent years from 7.3% to 13.5%. Factors that contribute in the improvement of nutritional status include diet, lifestyle, and socio-economics. Overnutrition can lead to health complications, including non-communicable diseases. Objectives: To identify the relationship between energy intake, food preferences, peer influence, and parental education with the incidence of overnutrition among teenagers in Depok. Methods: This study used an observational approach with a cross-sectional design. The sample was taken by stratified random sampling from a chosen Senior High School (SMA) in Depok with a total of 108 participants. Nutritional status was obtained by measuring body weight (BB) and height (TB) using BMI-for-age (BMI/U), energy intake was measured by interviewing the 2x24-hour food recall, food preferences used the food and beverage preference questionnaire (FBPQ), peered influence was measured using the peered influence scale (PIS), and parental education was gathered through a questionnaire. Relationship analysis was carried out by chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. Results: Bivariate analysis shows that energy intake (p=0.030), food preferences (p=0.019), and peer influence (p=0. 006) were associated with the incidence of overnutrition. Parental education (father, p=0.365; mother, p=0.103) were not significantly associated with the incidence of overnutrition. Conclusions: Individual factors among teenagers showed a relationship with the incidence of overnutrition. Teenagers need to pay attention to their energy intake, develop healthy food preferences, and utilize peered influence to adopt good eating behaviours to prevent overnutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Provincial academies represent an important bridge between amateur and professional level rugby union in New Zealand. Athletes are provided with professional-level coaching; however, limited direct nutrition support is available. Congested training schedules and the requirement to work or study due to a lack of financial support may present a challenge towards athletes meeting nutrition requirements. The aim of the study was to facilitate improvement in nutrient intake, body composition and subjective well-being in provincial academy athletes via the implementation of a nutrition-support protocol based around behaviour change techniques. Significant increases in total energy (pre: 2492 ± 762 kcal; post: 2614 ± 625 kcal), relative energy (pre: 24.4 ± 7.5 kcal·kg; 25.5 ± 6.0 kcal·kg), total protein (pre: 131.1 ± 41.8 g; 153.8 ± 37.1 g) and relative protein (pre: 1.3 ± 0.4 g·kg; post: 1.5 ± 0.3 g·kg) were observed. Furthermore, changes in subjective sleep quality, stress, mood and upper body soreness were observed following the intervention. No changes were observed in body composition, carbohydrate or fat intake. Significant variability in nutrition and body composition changes highlights the importance of applying an individualised approach to nutrition support provision in developmental athletes. Practitioners working within these environments should be aware of the challenges and influences contributing to athletes' nutrition choices and habits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant-based meat substitutes replacing animal meat can potentially support the transition towards more sustainable diets. To enable the required transition, consumer acceptance of plant-based meat is essential. An important aspect of this is the feeling of satiety or being full after eating. This study determined the satiating capacity of both plant-based meat and animal meat in 60 adults under real-life in-home conditions. Participants consumed four fixed ready-to eat meals for lunch at home once per week. Two types of Indian curry with 'chicken' were investigated as well as two types of pasta Bolognese with 'minced meat'. The two 'chicken' dishes and the two 'minced meat' dishes had the same recipe except for a gram-for-gram swap (125 g each) of either animal meat (chicken breast and minced meat) or plant-based (soy) meat. Results showed no difference in the satiating power of an animal meat dish and a plant-based meat dish when these were eaten as part of a full lunch meal at home. In addition, the meals did not result in energy nor macronutrient compensation during the rest of the day after consuming the meals. This occurred despite the caloric differences of the meals as a result of the real-life conditions (i.e., a lower energy content of the pasta with plant-based meat compared to the other meals). We conclude that meals with plant-based meat can be as satiating as meals with animal meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consuming a diet that meets energy demands and provides essential nutrients promotes a healthy immune system, while both under- and over-nutrition have been associated with immune dysfunction. Military personnel comprise a unique population who frequently endure multi-stressor environments, predisposing them to immune decrements. Additionally, 49% and 22% of active duty U.S. military personnel are classified as overweight and obese, respectively. A literature search on PubMed was conducted to identify studies, reports, review papers, and references within those sources relevant to the topic area. Military personnel experiencing either under- or over-nutrition can suffer from degraded health, readiness, and performance. Insufficient intake of nutrients during military operations increases infection risk and negatively impacts infection recovery. Energy, protein, iron, zinc, and vitamins C and D are nutritional areas of concern that may impact immune competence in a multi-stressor environment. Over-nutrition can promote accretion of excess body fat and obesity, which contributes to a chronic inflammatory state that coincides with immune impairments. Prioritizing efforts to optimize nutrient intake is one approach for reducing disease burden and improving readiness. This review discusses nutritional concerns concomitant to multi-stressor environments that impact immune function, and the relevance of obesity to infectious disease risk in the military population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To quantify energy availability (EA) in elite female rowers, determine its association with bone mineral density (BMD), and examine the ability of the low energy availability in females-questionnaire (LEAF-Q) and brief eating disorder in athletes-questionnaire (BEDA-Q) to distinguish between low and normal EA. Observational cross-sectional study. Twenty-five elite female rowers participated in the study. EA was calculated by means of a 4-day food intake diary and analysis of training load. Low energy availability (LEA) was defined as EA < 30 kCal * kg−1 * FFM−1 * day−1. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to assess fat free mass (FFM) and BMD Z-scores. LEA risk was assessed using the LEAF-Q and BEDA-Q. The mean EA was 23.2 ± 12.2 kCal * kg−1 * FFM−1 * day−1. Prevalence of LEA was 64 %. The mean BMD Z-score was 1.6 ± 0.6 (range: 0.7 to 2.9). Athletes with LEA had a significantly higher BEDA-Q score than the group with normal EA (mean 0.30 ± 0.17 vs. 0.09 ± 0.11, P < 0.05), but LEAF-Q score was not different between groups (mean 10.4 ± 4.6, 8.2 ± 4.5, P = 0.29). Low energy availability is common amongst elite female rowers in New Zealand and is positively correlated with higher scores on the BEDA-Q. Bone mineral density was normal irrespective of EA status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Early-life food consumption patterns may affect children’s health by increasing susceptibility to developing non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs) in adulthood. Aims To evaluate Jordanian children and adolescents’ energy and macronutrient intake and how closely they adhere to dietary recommendations. Methods This cross-sectional study used data from Jordan’s Population-based Food Consumption Survey, a household population-based study conducted in Jordan between 2021 and 2022 (561 children and adolescents 8-19 years). Dietary intake was assessed using the two non-consecutive 24-hour dietary recall methods (24-h DR). The estimated food group and nutrient intakes were compared to nutritional recommendations, including MyPlate dietary guidelines. Results The prevalence of overweight/obese individuals based on body mass index (BMI) was 44%, and the average waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) was 24.7%. Compared to MyPlate dietary guidelines, children and adolescents had a higher added sugar intake (57g/day). Also, consuming vegetables, fruits, and dairy fell short of MyPlate dietary guidelines. The total discretionary calorie intake in children and adolescents was approximately one-third of the total energy intake. Conclusion The food consumption of Jordanian children and adolescents includes high intakes of discretionary calories, with a low intake of fruits, vegetables, and dairy products. The prevalence of overweight/obesity was elevated compared to international norms.

BACKGROUND: Access to high-quality dietary intake data is central to many nutrition, epidemiology, economic, environmental, and policy applications. When data on individual nutrient intakes are available, they have not been consistently disaggregated by sex and age groups, and their parameters and full distributions are often not publicly available. OBJECTIVES: We sought to derive usual intake distributions for as many nutrients and population subgroups as possible, use these distributions to estimate nutrient intake inadequacy, compare these distributions and evaluate the implications of their shapes on the estimation of inadequacy, and make these distributions publicly available. METHODS: We compiled dietary data sets from 31 geographically diverse countries, modeled usual intake distributions for 32 micronutrients and 21 macronutrients, and disaggregated these distributions by sex and age groups. We compared the variability and skewness of the distributions and evaluated their similarity across countries, sex, and age groups. We estimated intake inadequacy for 16 nutrients based on a harmonized set of nutrient requirements and bioavailability estimates. Last, we created an R package-nutriR-to make these distributions freely available for users to apply in their own analyses. RESULTS: Usual intake distributions were rarely symmetric and differed widely in variability and skewness across nutrients and countries. Vitamin intake distributions were more variable and skewed and exhibited less similarity among countries than other nutrients. Inadequate intakes were high and geographically concentrated, as well as generally higher for females than males. We found that the shape of usual intake distributions strongly affects estimates of the prevalence of inadequate intakes. CONCLUSIONS: The shape of nutrient intake distributions differs based on nutrient and subgroup and strongly influences estimates of nutrient intake inadequacy. This research represents an important contribution to the availability and application of dietary intake data for diverse subpopulations around the world.

BackgroundConsuming live microbes in foods may benefit human health. Live microbe estimates have not previously been associated with individual foods in dietary databases.ObjectivesWe aimed to estimate intake of live microbes in US children (aged 2-18 y) and adults (≥19 y) (n = 74,466; 51.2% female).MethodsUsing cross-sectional data from the NHANES (2001-2018), experts assigned foods an estimated level of live microbes per gram [low (Lo), 107 CFU/g]. Probiotic dietary supplements were also assessed. The mean intake of each live microbe category and the percentages of subjects who ate from each live microbe category were determined. Nutrients from foods with live microbes were also determined using the population ratio method. Because the Hi category comprised primarily fermented dairy foods, we also looked at aggregated data for Med or Hi (MedHi), which included an expanded range of live microbe-containing foods, including fruits and vegetables.ResultsOur analysis showed that 52%, 20%, and 59% of children/adolescents, and 61%, 26%, and 67% of adults, consumed Med, Hi, or MedHi foods, respectively. Per capita intake of Med, Hi, and MedHi foods was 69, 16, and 85 g/d for children/adolescents, and 106, 21, and 127 g/d for adults, respectively. The proportion of subjects who consumed live microbes and overall per capita intake increased significantly over the 9 cycles/18-y study period (0.9-3.1 g/d per cycle in children across categories and 1.4 g/d per cycle in adults for the Med category).ConclusionsThis study indicated that children, adolescents, and adults in the United States steadily increased their consumption of foods with live microbes between the earliest (2001-2002) and latest (2017-2018) survey cycles. Additional research is needed to determine the relations between exposure to live microbes in foods and specific health outcomes or biomarkers.